The 3 parts of the Atom:
Protons – sub atomic particle with a charge of +1
Neutrons- sub atomic particle with a neutral charge
Electrons- are a particle with a negative charge; the nature of the electron cloud is the
most significant determinant of resulting properties.
Bonds
There are 4 types of bonds that can occur.
Ionic – one atom transferring electrons to another. (strongest)
Covalent- Localized electron sharing.
Metallic- decentralized electron sharing
Van der Waals- occurs between individual molecules. Due to the normal imbalance of electrical charges, small attractive forces are developed between them.
Structure
The physical structure of a material is characterized by the arrangement of their
atoms, ions and molecules. They bond to become electrically stable and how
they bond and the forces between them determine how they form.
Types of Solids
Crystalline Solids- The substances whose constituents are arranged in definite orderly arrangements are called crystalline solids. Many naturally occurring solid substances occur in the crystalline form.
Anamorphous Solids- Substances whose constituents are not arranged in an orderly manner are called amorphous solids. They are also called pseudo solids and differ from crystalline solids in many respects.
Polycrystalline Solids- These are crystalline solids, constituted of very fine crystals, not seen by the naked eye. These solids appear amorphous but are not so because the fine crystals are randomly oriented.
8 types of crystal geometries that can occur in a solid
1 cubic
2 tetragonal
3 orthorhombic
4 orthorhombic
5 rhombohedral
6 monoclinic
7 triclinic
8 hexagonal
-Defects within a material also contribute to the intrinsic properties of a material. While in a pure or perfect form we can measure true strength, most materials have defects such as point line, area and volume defects which fundamentally changes the properties.
Phases
Solid- Tightly packed molecules with little or no movement
Liquid- Loosely packed molecules with that can freely form within a boundary
Gas- Molecules that have relatively no boundaries and freely move
Plasma- Is the most common type of matter, Plasma consists of a collection of free moving electrons and ions - atoms that have lost electrons.
Extrinsic properties- Characteristics of an external nature, not determined by molecular structure of a material, things that can be perceived through the five senses. Ie.. optical, acoustical etc…
